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According to their marking material
- Graphite pencils
- These are the most common types of pencils, and are encased in wood. They are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black. Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes.
- Solid graphite pencils
- As the name implies, these are solid sticks of graphite, about the diameter of a common pencil, which have no casing. They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing allows for more interesting effects. They are available in the same darkness range as wood-encased graphite pencils.
- Charcoal pencils
- They are made of charcoal and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-toned and white pencils are also available for duotone techniques.
- Carbon pencils
- They generally are made of a mixture of clay and lamp black, but are sometimes blended with charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and manufacturer. They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils, but are smoother than charcoal.
- Coloured pencils, or pencil crayons
- These have wax-like cores with pigment and other fillers. Multiple colours are often blended together.[39]
- Grease pencils
- They write on virtually any surface (including glass, plastic, metal and photographs). The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper (Berol and Sanford Peel-off), but they can also be encased in wood (Staedtler Omnichrom).[39]
- Watercolour pencils
- These are designed for use with watercolour techniques. The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes.[39]
According to their use
- Carpenter's pencils
- These are pencils that have two main properties: their shape prevents them from rolling, and their graphite is strong.[40] The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber-Castell collection.[41][42]
- Copying pencils
- These are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark. They were invented in the late 19th century for press copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens. Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils, but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink, which is then pressed into another piece of paper.[43][44][45] They were used until the early 20th century when ball pens slowly replaced them.
- Erasable colour pencils
- Unlike wax-based coloured pencils, these can be easily erased. Their main use is in sketching, where the objective is to create an outline using the same colour that other media (such as wax pencils, or watercolour paints) would fill[46] or when the objective is to scan the colour sketch.[47] Some animators prefer erasable colour pencils as opposed to graphite pencils because they don't smudge as easily, and the different colours allow for better separation of objects in the sketch.[48] Copy-editors find them useful too, as their markings stand out more than graphite but can be erased.[49]
- Non-reproducing
- or non-photo blue pencils make marks that are not reproduced by photocopiers[50] (Sanford's Copy-not or Staedtler's Mars Non-photo) or by whiteprint copiers (Staedtler's Mars Non-Print).
- Stenographer's pencil
- Also known as a steno pencil. These pencils are expected to be very reliable, and their lead is break proof. Nevertheless sometimes steno pencils are sharpened at both ends to enhance reliability. They are round to avoid pressure pain during long texts.[51]
- Golf pencil
- Golf pencils are usually short (a common length is 9 cm) and very cheap. They are also known as library pencils, as many libraries offer them as disposable, unspillable writing instruments.
According to their shape
- Triangular (more accurately a Reuleaux triangle)
- Hexagonal
- Round
- Bendable (flexible plastic)
According to their size
- Typical
-
A standard, hexagonal, "#2 pencil" is cut to a hexagonal height of 1⁄4-inch (6 mm), but the outer diameter is slightly larger (about 9⁄32-inch (7 mm)).[52]
Typically-sized pencil under a ruler.
A standard, #2, hexagonal pencil is 19 cm (7.5 in) long.
- Biggest
- On 3 September 2007, Ashrita Furman unveiled his giant US$20,000 pencil – 76 feet (23 m) long, 18,000 pounds (8,200 kg) (with over 4,500 pounds (2,000 kg) for the graphite centre) – after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher Sri Chinmoy. It is longer than the 65-foot (20 m) pencil outside the Malaysia HQ of stationers Faber-Castell.[53][54][55]
According to their manufacture
There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end and are either propelling or clutch type. The erasers (sometimes replaced by a sharpener in larger lead sizes) are also removable (and thus replaceable), and usually cover a place to store replacement leads. Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm, 1.40 mm, 1.00 mm, 0.70 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.18 mm, and 0.13 mm (ISO 9175-1)—the 0.9 mm size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size.
Pioneered by Taiwanese stationery manufacturer Bensia Pioneer Industrial Corporation in the early 70's, the product is also known as Bensia Pencils, non-sharpening pencils, is a type of pencil where many sharp points are housed in the body of the pencil in cartridge style plastic holders, removing a blunt point by pulling it from the writing end of the body and re-inserting it to the top of the body causes the next point to appear from the writing end of the pencil body.[56]
Invented by Arthur D. Little for Empire Pencil Company in the early 1970s; commercialised by Empire as the "EPCON" Pencil. These pencils were co-extruded, extruding a plasticised graphite mix within a wood-composite core.[57]
Other types
- The Quadrachromic Pencil is a slightly enlarged pencil with four colours equally partitioned on the tip. The use of each color while drawing is accomplished by rotating the pencil between the fingers.
- Penny pencil
- Recycled newspaper pencil